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The Tariff Question in the Gilded Age: The Great Debate of 1888, by Joanne Reitano
Download PDF The Tariff Question in the Gilded Age: The Great Debate of 1888, by Joanne Reitano
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Protective tariffs were part of American life long before the era of NAFTA and GATT. In the late nineteenth century, the 'tariff question' was one of the most controversial issues of the day. As Joanne Reitano shows in this far-reaching study, the ensuing debate was anything but an empty exercise in political rhetoric occupying only politicians and lobbyists. The tariff was of central concern to a broad crosssection of people because of its perceived relationship to immediate economic problems, such as wages, prices, and trusts. In fact, it became a means for many Americans to wrestle with the implications of the country's rapid growth and the impact of industrial capitalism on American life. Reitano focuses on the election year of 1888, when the tariff was adopted as a cause célèbre by President Grover Cleveland, Congress, the two major parties, and the press. At the heart of the debate was the Mills Bill for tariff reduction. Although the bill failed to pass, Reitano finds in the rancorous public debate a barometer of changes in the American mind in the Gilded Age. She carefully blends intellectual, political, economic, and social issues through analyses of the Congressional Record, press coverage of the debate, academic and polemical literature, political cartoons, and the presidential campaign. Ultimately, Reitano contends that ideas about political economy have always been central to the American mind. They were so in the Gilded Age as they are today.
- Sales Rank: #3005834 in Books
- Published on: 1994-09-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x .63" w x 6.00" l, 1.21 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 190 pages
Review
Despite the importance of the tariff issue to politics between 1877 and 1913, very little has been done in a serious scholarly way to explore the impact of the tariff on the history of the two major parties. Reitano has chosen to write about a measure, the Mills Bill of 1888, that did not become law. Nonetheless, she has taken this episode and used it to provide a stimulating and important analysis of the public rhetoric about protection and free trade. Her book makes a significant contribution to Gilded Age political history, and it offers an original interpretation of the election of 1888. --Lewis L. Gould, University of Texas at Austin
About the Author
Joanne Reitano is Professor of History at LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York.
Most helpful customer reviews
0 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
A Compelling Thesis
By -/-
'The Tariff Question in the Gilded Age: The Great Debate of 1888' by Joanne Reitano argues a compelling thesis - that the lowering of tarrifs enables domestic manufacturers to seek out foreign labor and resources and ship finished product back, undercutting domestic manufacturers. A geopolitical problem arises as those countries with the lowest labor and resource costs are precisely those with the greatest socio-political instability, and when the organic fertilizer hits the ventillation device the 'offshore' manufacturer will demand that the US government intervene militarily to defend 'American interests'. The author presents several historical examples.
Reitano's thesis found support not only in the Gilded Age, but a century earlier by the Scottish Empiricist Adam Smith in his 'An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,' wherein Smith wrote, "By preferring the support of domestick [sic] to that of foreign industry, he [the consumer] intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention." This is Smith's only mention of an 'invisible hand' - a term now twisted to mean whatever a sophist wishes, but was originally intended to explain and justify what's now considered xenophobic isolationist protectionism.
It has for some years been popular to promote the 'liberalizing' effect of international trade, yet historical evidence shows this largely to be a myth. One may cite the numerous European examples with whom the US has been a trade partner for hundreds of years, yet the entire planet has moved economically and politically toward illiberalism (a politically correct term for fascism?) and Marxism, not toward laissez-faire capitalism. Although the argument for international trade appears logical on its surface, evidence that trade has the liberalizing effect claimed is lacking, especially since trade has the potential for use as a weapon.
Joanne Reitano's book is an excellent reference for debaters tasked with countering the trade policies of globalists. Extensive reproductions of pro-tariff political cartoons by Thomas Nast (the creator of Uncle Sam, and the Republican elephant and Democrat donkey) earns this book it's fifth star!
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